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October 2004

By Marie Gilbert, Institute of Arctic Biology

The caribou would return, the elders said.

More than a century after they were last seen in their winter range on Alaska's Seward Peninsula, tens of thousands of caribou are migrating back into the area, just as the ancestors of present-day reindeer herders predicted. The wild caribou represent fresh meat for the villagers, but when they move on, the domesticated reindeer go with them.

"The caribou are just overwhelming. I don't think I have a single reindeer on my range, but I renewed my grazing permit for my area thinking about what healthy meat can do to my people; a healthy source of protein that we've grown to love and to live by is gone. I hope it's not gone forever," said Shaktoolik herder Palmer Sagoonick.

51�������� researchers are studying how climate change and returning caribou are affecting reindeer herding in northwest Alaska. The researchers asked peninsula herders to describe how their families and communities are coping with the loss of animals, and in some cases, the loss of entire herds of reindeer to outmigration with caribou.

Oral histories collected from Sagoonick and other herders are part of the "Reindeer Herding in Transition" research project led by Knut Kielland, Greg Finstad, William Schneider and Josh Greenberg of 51��������, and Rose Atuk Fosdick of the .

"The project is an interdisciplinary study of the ecological and socioeconomic ramifications of the unprecedented and massive influx of caribou from the western arctic caribou herd onto ranges on the Seward Peninsula during the last decade," said Kielland, Institute of Arctic Biology researcher and the project's principal investigator.

"This ecological event stands to have drastic effects on reindeer herding in western Alaska and may serve as an insightful model of the feedbacks between climate change, environmental vagaries and human land use in the circumpolar Arctic," Kielland said.

"We recognize that caribou are an important subsistence food for local people," Fosdick pointed out. "They are a welcome resource, so despite the problems they cause reindeer herders, it's not all negative to have caribou influx into the region." The herders association provides support toward developing a self-sustaining reindeer industry.

"During the first part of the project we documented the return of the caribou and the decline of the reindeer, now we want to see how people are adapting and adjusting to that change," said Finstad, manager of the at 51��������'s School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences.

"We want to look more into the nitty gritty of how management is going to be changing and how herders are coping by seeking additional income opportunities," Kielland said. "People now have wage jobs -- as cab drivers, hunting and fishing guides, snow plow contracts with the FAA and DOT. We want to see what are the consequences of wage diversification, of keeping animals on more restrictive ranges, of intensification of management style and of increased reliance on technology such as satellite collars and the Internet," said Kielland.

"Oral history is not so much about the recordings but finding ways to retell stories so future generations know their history,"said Curator of Oral History Bill Schneider. "You can't pour science into local knowledge or vice versa without context. We created a context that was a combination of the knowledge of the herders, Knut and Greg." Schneider recorded interviews with the reindeer herders conducted by Kielland, Finstad and himself.

"The oral history project is something we have wanted to do within the Kawerak Reindeer Herders Association for many years," Fosdick said. "It's a way to pass traditional knowledge on.”

The four-year project is funded by the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System program of the National Science Foundation's Arctic Systems Science program.

Reindeer Herders on the Air

Excerpts from the oral history recordings were made into a radio program, Heritage of Reindeer Herding: Voices of Herders on the Seward Peninsula and Alaska, which was broadcast through 51��������'s KUAC-FM and is available on the Internet. In The History of Reindeer Herding, the initial program in the series, herders talk about Laplanders who came from Norway in the late 1800s and early 1900s to Alaska to teach reindeer herding techniques, how the herding business grew and flourished, and herds thrived, crashed, recovered and are again facing decline.

In the second episode, The Heritage of Herding Families, herder Palmer Sagoonick explains how he draws a sense of identity from carrying on his ancestors' skills. Other herders share stories of children being taken out of school for months at a time to learn the customs and the culture of herding, how apprentices earned animals in payment for learning herding skills from visiting Siberian and Norwegian herders, and why the villagers have hope for the future of reindeer herding.

In The Technology of Reindeer Herding, herders discuss the effects of new technologies such as helicopters, four-wheelers, snowmachines and radio collars which are helpful to herders, but at a cost that isn't always affordable.

"I have to pay for my snowmachine parts, like a track, skis," said herder Merlin Henry of Koyuk. "With 800 to 1,000 reindeer, you can operate with what you make off reindeer all year round. You can't handle reindeer if you [only have] 200, unless you got money in the bank, but that money in the bank don't last because you got to buy a new snowmachine to keep up with the reindeer."

Herders talk about the challenges they face from wild caribou streaming onto the peninsula in record numbers and "taking" reindeer with them when they migrate in episode four, The Caribou Crisis. Climate change and depleted food sources in the caribou's range may be prompting the influx of caribou to the peninsula, and range depletion from caribou may permanently affect future reindeer herding.

Heritage of Reindeer Herding: Voices of Herders on the Seward Peninsula and Alaska was produced by Kathy Turco, a 51�������� marine biology graduate and owner of .

• Reindeer … Caribou … What’s the Difference?
• Traditional Uses of Reindeer
• History of Reindeer in Alaska
• Reindeer Facts